William Gould, EPO Biology Department, INSTAAR, Box 450, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0450

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Abstract. One hundred and sixty-three taxa of foliose and fruticose lichens are reported from three regions of the Canadian Arctic. The northern most, and that with the most severe climate, being the Thomsen River valley on Banks Island. Also included are the Hood River valley, entirely north of the Arctic treeline, and the Coppermine River valley, which flows northward through the forest/tundra border. Newly reported for Banks Island are Cladonia alaskana, Peltigera rufescens, Solorina bispora, S. saccata, and Vulpicida pinastri. Of these five, Cladonia alaskana and Vulpicida pinastri have not previously been reported on any of the Arctic Islands. The macrolichen flora of these areas consists primarily of wide-ranging arctic-alpine and arctic-boreal species.

This study was undertaken in order to increase the understanding of the distributions of the foliose and fruticose lichens in the areas surrounding the Coppermine, Hood, and Thomsen Rivers in the Northwest Territories of Canada. No complete collections have been made along the lengths of these rivers although some have been done at the mouth of the Coppermine (Thomson 1970), in the Bathurst Inlet area (Thomson & Scotter 1983), and along the upper Coppermine to the Kendall River junction (Robinson et al. 1989). The study area is located in the central Canadian Arctic (Fig. 1) and includes areas from the northern edge of the boreal forest to the southern edge of the high Arctic.

Methods

Field work was done during the summers of 1990 and 1991, with collections being made at 25 localities. Eight localities were along the Coppermine River, three along the Thomsen River, and 14 along the Hood River (Fig. 1). The collections were done concurrently with the teaching of a field course for the University of Colorado. Travel was downstream by inflatable kayak. Collections from each river were loosely stored in waterproof packs and carried for the duration of each month long trip. A total of 2147 specimens were collected at the 25 localities. Localities were chosen to include areas with internal homogeneity of vegetation type, with an attempt to collect in as many habitats as were encountered.

Taxonomic keys used to identify lichen specimens include those by Hale (1979), Thomson (1979, 1984), and monographs for various lichen groups. Nomenclature follows Egan (1987, 1989, 1990, 1991). Standard methodology was used in identification, including microchemical tests as described in Thomson (1967) used in separating some Cladonia spp., and thin layer chromatography to identify secondary lichen products, particularly in the Cladonia chlorophaea group.

Voucher specimens have been placed in the University of Minnesota Herbarium (MIN) and such duplicates as are available have been distributed.

Figure 1. Location of the study areas within the North American Arctic, showing collection localities and northern limit of trees.

Description of localities

Coppermine River:

1) Near Napaktolik Creek. Closed forest. 66 ° 09' N, 114 ° 15' W, 370 m.

2) Near Fairy Lake River. Open spruce forest, numerous frost boils. 66 ° 09' N, 114 ° 15' W, 350-400 m.

3) Rock-lichen, low shrub-heath, Picea groves. 66 ° 50' N, 115 ° 16' W, 300-310.

4) Near Musk Ox Rapids. Rock-lichen, low shrub-heath, occasional Picea. 67 ° 23' N, 115 ° 46' W 130-140 m.

5) Low shrub-heath, high shrub. 67 ° 35' N, 115 ° 35' W, 90 m.

6) Low shrub-heath, Picea groves. 67 ° 36' N, 115 ° 28' W, 110 m.

7) Near Escape Rapids. Rock-lichen, dwarf shrub-heath, low shrub-heath. 67 ° 42'30" N, 115 ° 28' W, 80 m.

8) Near Bloody Falls. Sedge meadow, dwarf shrub-heath, low shrub-heath. 67 ° 45' N, 115 ° 21' W, 70-80 m.

Thomsen River:

9) Bare soil-Dryas, occasional Salix. 73 ° 28' 30" N, 119 ° 55' W, 30 m.

10) Rock-lichen, bare soil. 73 ° 41'N, 119 ° 56'W, 22 m.

11) Near the Muskox River. Bare soil-Dryas. 73 ° 49'N, 119 ° 57'W, 40-60 m.

Hood River:

12) Rock-lichen, dwarf shrub-heath. 66 ° 38' 30"N, 112 ° W, 420 m.

13) Dwarf shrub-heath, low shrub-heath. 66 ° 42'30"N, 111 ° 16'W, 377 m.

14) Within the flood plain of the Wright River where it meets the Hood River. Rock-lichen. 66 ° 50'N, 110 ° 24'W, 278 m.

15) Near waterfall on the Wright River, as it enters the Hood River. Rock-lichen, high shrub. 66 ° 50'N, 110 ° 24'W, 280-290 m.

16) Within the flood plain. Rock-lichen. 66 ° 54'N, 109 ° 46'W, 255 m.

17) Dwarf shrub-heath, low shrub-heath. 66 ° 54'N, 109 ° 46'W, 260-265 m.

18) Dwarf shrub-heath. 66 ° 56'N, 109 ° 24'W, 235 m.

19) Rock-lichen, dwarf shrub-heath. Includes some late-lying snow areas. 67 ° N, 108 ° 44'W, 225-235 m.

20) Just above Wilberforce Falls. Dwarf shrub-heath, low shrub-heath, rock-lichen. 67 ° 06'N, 108 ° 47'W, 123 m.

21) Protected creek-bed near Wilberforce Falls. High shrub. 67 ° 04'N, 108 ° 46'W, 140 m.

22) Near Wilberforce Falls. Sedge meadow. 67 ° 05'N, 108 ° 47'W, 148 m.

23) Near the mouth, on old marine sediments. High shrub. 67 ° 21'N, 108 ° 55'W, 20-50 m.

24) On raised cobble beaches near the mouth. Rock-lichen, dwarf shrub-heath. 67 ° 25'N, 108 ° 55'W, 30 m.

25) Shore of Baillie Bay, near the mouth of the Hood. Bare sand, dwarf shrub-heath. 67 ° 22'N, 108 ° 51'W, 0-5 m.

Discussion

The macrolichen flora of the three rivers consists of 163 taxa representing thirty-six genera. Eighty-three taxa (51%) have the foliose growth form and eighty taxa (49%) have the fruticose growth form. Thomson (1984) lists 341 macrolichens for the entire North American Arctic, and a complete lichen flora (including crustose forms) of 968 lichens (Thomson 1990). In general, the crustose lichens in the Arctic appear to be twice as numerous as the foliose and fruticose lichens. Distribution patterns are fairly well established for most of these taxa and have been described and mapped by Thomson (1984). Twelve maps have been prepared in order to update distribution information. Maps depict range extensions (Figs. 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, and 13), show records filling in gaps of rare or poorly collected species (Figs. 4, 7, and 10), and show records supporting existing hypotheses concerning distributions of particular species (Fig. 2). Specimens of Cladonia alaskana and Vulpicida pinastri (Figs. 3 and 13) are new records for the Arctic Islands.

Lichen taxa

Each taxon is followed by the locality numbers (corresponding to Fig. 1) and a boldface indication of its distribution including one or more of the following: A-arctic, or arctic-alpine; B-boreal; T-temperate, Mn-montane; Am-amphi-Beringian; C-circumpolar or circumboreal; O-oceanic; and U-unclear distributions. Substrates are given where a taxon was found restricted to that substrate. Substrates noted as "ground" and "rock crevices" refer to lichens growing among a mat of mosses and lichens on the ground or in rock crevices. Notes on range extensions are given where of interest.

Figures 2-13. Distributions of selected macrolichens showing significant range extensions. Solid circles indicate previous records in Arctic North America as noted in Thomson (1984) and stars indicate records from this study: — 2. Bryoria tenuis. — 3. Cladonia alaskana. — 4. C. cryptochlorophaea. — 5. C. grayi. — 6. C. metacorallifera. — 7. Collema crispum. — 8. Dermatocarpon rivulorum.— 9. Endocarpon tortuosum. — 10. Ephebe hispidula. — 11. E. lanata. — 12. Melanelia olivaceoides. — 13. Vulpicida pinastri.

• ALECTORIA NIGRICANS (Ach.) Nyl. — 3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 18, 22, 25. A, C.
• A. OCHROLEUCA (Hoffm.) Massal. — 4 to 8, 13, 15 to 22, 24. A, C.
• ARCTOPARMELIA CENTRIFUGA (L.) Hale — 2, 12, 15 to 20, 24. A, C; rock.
• A. INCURVA (Pers.) Hale — 12, 17, 24. A, C; rock.
• A. SEPARATA (Th. Fr.) Hale — 3, 4, 6, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 24. A, C; rock.
• A. SUBCENTRIFUGA (Oxner) Hale — 2, 5, 8. B, Mn; rock.
• ASAHINEA CHRYSANTHA (Tuck.) Culb. & Culb. — 3, 5, 6, 7, 13, 15, 22, 24. A, Am.
• A. SCHOLANDERI (Llano) Culb. & C. Culb. — 3, 4, 12 to 14, 17 to 20, 24. A, Am.
• BRYOCAULON DIVERGENS (Ach.) Karnef. — 3 to 8, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24. A, C.
• BRYORIA CHALYBEIFORMIS (L.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. — 18, 24. A, C; ground.
• B. FUSCESCENS (Gyelnik) Brodo & D. Hawksw. — 3, 4, 8. B, C.
• B. LANESTRIS (Ach.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. — 1, 2, 3, 6, 17. B, C.
• B. NADVORNIKIANA (Gyelnik) — 13, 24. B. Northern most specimens collected in N. A.
• B. NITIDULA (Th. Fr.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. — 2 to 8, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24. A, B, C.
• B. SIMPLICIOR (Vainio) Brodo & D. Hawksw. — 1 to 4, 18. B.
• B. TENUIS (E. Dahl) Brodo & D. Hawksw. — 24. O; rock crevices.
• CETRARIA ANDREJEVII Oxner — 18. A, Am; ground.
• C. COMMIXTA (Nyl.) Th. Fr. — 21, 24. A, C.
• C. CUCULLATA (Bellardi) Ach. — 2 to 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 to 25. A, B, C; ground.
• C. DELISEI (Bory ex Schaerer) Nyl. — 18, 23, 24. A, C; ground.
• C. ERICETORUM Opiz var. RETICULATA Räsänen — 21, 24. A, B; ground.
• C. FASTIGIATA (Del. ex Nyl. in Norrlin) Karnef. — 20. A, C; ground.
• C. HEPATIZON (Ach.) Vainio — 2, 5, 12 to 15, 17, 19, 21, 24. A, B, C.
• C. ISLANDICA (L.) Ach. — 3, 5 to 8, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17 to 25. A, B, C; ground.
• C. LAEVIGATA Rass. — 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 15, 17 to 24. A, B, Am; ground.
• C. NIGRICANS Nyl. — 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24. A, C.
• C. NIGRICASCENS (Nyl. in Kihlman) Elenkin — 24. A, Am; Betula glandulosa bark.
• C. NIVALIS (L.) Ach. — 2 to 9, 11, 12, 13, 15 to 24. A, B.
• C. SEPINCOLA (Ehrh.) Ach. — 2, 8, 17, 19 to 24. A, B, C; Betula glandulosa bark.
• CLADINA ARBUSCULA (Wallr.) Hale & Culb. — 3, 5, 6, 8. B, Mn, C.
• C. MITIS (Sandst.) Hustich — 2 to 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15, 18 to 21, 23, 24. A, B, T, C.
• C. RANGIFERINA (L.) Nyl — 2 to 8, 12, 15, 16, 18, 22, 24. A, B, T, C.
• C. STELLARIS (Opiz.) Brodo — 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 13, 15, 19, 20. A, B, C; rock crevices.
• C. STYGIA (Fr.) Ahti — 2 to 5, 12, 13, 15, 19, 20. A, B, C.
• CLADONIA ACUMINATA (Ach.) Norrlin — 5, 15, 21, 23, 24. A, B, C; ground.
• C. ALASKANA A. Evans-3 to 7, 11, 13, 15, 17 to 20, 23, 24. A, B. New for Banks Is.
• C. AMAUROCRAEA (Florke) Schaerer — 1 to 4, 6, 7, 12, 13, 15, 17 to 25. A, B, C.
• C. BELLIDIFLORA (Ach.) Schaerer — 19. A, C; rock crevices.
• C. CARIOSA (Ach.) Sprengel — 2, 21, 23. A, B, T, C.
• C. CARNEOLA (Fr.) Fr. — 24. A, B, C; rock crevices.
• C. CENOTEA (Ach.) Schaerer — 1, 2, 4. A, B, C.
• C. CHLOROPHAEA (Florke ex Sommerf.) Sprengel — 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25. A, B, T.
• C. COCCIFERA (L.) Willd. — 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20 to 23, 25. A, B, C.
• C. CORNUTA (L.) Hoffm. — 1, 4, 6, 7. A, B, C.
• C. CRYPTOCHLOROPHAEA Asah. — 22. B, T, C; ground.
• C. CYANIPES (Sommerf.) Nyl. — 5, 7, 15, 22. A, B, C.
• C. DEFORMIS (L.) Hoffm. — 2, 5, 13. A, B, C; ground.
• C. DIGITATA (L.) Hoffm. — 2. B, T, C; dead wood.
• C. ECMOCYNA Leighton — 2 to 8, 12, 13, 15, 17 to 24. A, C.
• C. FIMBRIATA (L.) Fr. — 1 to 4, 6, 17, 20, 23. A, B, C.
• C. GRACILIS (L.) Willd. — 3 to 8, 12, 13, 15, 17 to 25. A, B, T, C.
• C. GRAYI G. K. Mer ex Sandst. — 4. B, T, C; ground.
• C. MACROPHYLLA (Schaerer) Stenh. — 3, 4, 12, 13, 15, 17. A, C.
• C. MACROPHYLLODES Nyl. — 3, 12, 15, 19. B, T.
• C. MAXIMA (Asah.) Ahti — 6, 8, 23. A, B, C; ground.
• C. MEROCHLOROPHAEA Asah. — 5, 7, 12, 17, 22. B, C; ground.
• C. METACORALLIFERA Asah. — 2, 7, 12, 17, 18, 20. Am. Extends eastern limit of range.
• C. PLEUROTA (Florke) Schaerer — 1, 3, 7, 12, 13, 16 to 20, 22 to 25. A, B, C.
• C. POCILLUM (Ach.) O. Rich — 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 17, 23, 24. A, B, T, C.
• C. PYXIDATA (L.) Hoffm. — 2, 3, 5 to 8, 11, 13, 15, 18 to 23, 25. A, B, T, C.
• C. SCABRIUSCULA (Delise in Duby) Nyl. — 23. B; ground.
• C. SQUAMOSA (Scop.) Hoffm. — 2, 12, 15, 17, 19, 20. A, T, C.
• C. STRICTA (Nyl.) Nyl. — 20. A, C; ground.
• C. SUBCERVICORNIS (Vainio) Kernst. — 12. A; rock crevices.
• C. SUBFURCATA (Nyl.) Arnold — 18, 20. A, B, C; ground.
• C. SULPHURINA (Michaux) Fr. — 1, 3, 6, 13, 17, 18, 24. A, B, C.
• C. SYMPHYCARPA (Ach.) Fr. — 24. A, B, T, C; rock crevices.
• C. UNCIALIS (L.) Weber ex Wigg. — 4, 5, 6, 13, 17 to 24. A, T, C.
• C. VERTICILLATA (Hoffm.) Schaerer — 3, 4, 12, 13, 15, 23. A, B, T.
• COELOCAULON ACULEATUM (Schreber) Link — 8, 11, 13, 18, 21, 23, 24. A, C; ground.
• COLLEMA CRISPUM (Huds.) Weber ex Wigg. — 5. T; rock. Northern most record.
• C. GLEBULENTUM (Nyl. ex Crombie) Degel. — 5, 6, 16, 24. A, C; rock.
• C. TENAX (Swartz) Ach. — 11. A, B, T, C; bare soil.
• DACTYLINA ARCTICA (Richardson) Nyl. — 2 to 8, 11, 13, 15, 17 to 20, 22, 23, 24. A, C; ground.
• D. BERINGICA Bird & Thomson — 2, 6, 12. Am; ground.
• D. MADREPORIFORMIS (Ach.) Tuck. — 9, 11. A, C; bare soil.
• D. RAMULOSA (Hook.) Tuck. — 7, 9, 16, 20, 24. A, C.
• DERMATOCARPON RIVULORUM (Arnold) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. — 5, 23. A; rock.
• ENDOCARPON TORTUOSUM Herre— 5. U ; rock. Northwestern most record.
• EPHEBE HISPIDULA (Ach.) Horwood — 14. U; rock. Northern most record.
• E. LANATA (L.) Vainio — 14. A, C; rock.
• EVERNIA MESOMORPHA Nyl. — 1 to 4, 6. B, T, C.
• E. PERFRAGILIS Llano — 8, 9. A, Am; bare soil.
• HYPOGYMNIA AUSTERODES (Nyl.) Räsänen ׬, 24. A, C.
• H. BITTERI (Lynge) Ahti — 1, 2, 3, 6, 13, 20. A, B, C.
• H. OROARCTICA Krog — 12, 17, 20. A, B, C; rock.
• H. PHYSODES (L.) Nyl. — 1 to 6, 13, 15, 18, 20, 22, 24. A, B, T, C.
• H. SUBOBSCURA (Vainio) Poelt — 9, 11. A, C.
• LASALLIA PENSYLVANICA (Hoffm.) Llano — 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 13, 15, 18, 20. B, T; rock.
• LEPTOGIUM LICHENOIDES (L.) Zahlbr. — 6, 7, 15. A, B, T, C.
• L. SATURNINUM (Dickson) Nyl. — 1. A, B, T, C; Populus balsamifera bark.
• LEPTOGIUM SP. (Nyl.) Vainio — 6. Rock crevices. This specimen appears to be L. crenatulum but I was unable to confirm the identification. Although it has not been found previously in N. A., Thomson (1984) suspects it has an amphi-Beringian distribution and should be found in Alaska.
• L. TENUISSIMUM (Dickson) Korber — 8, 15, 23. A, B, T, C.
• LOBARIA LINITA (Ach.) Rabenh. — 23. A, C; ground.
• MASONHALEA RICHARDSONII (Hook.) Karnef. — 2, 3, 5 to 8, 13, 15, 17, 21, 22, 24. A, B, Am; ground.
• MASSALONGIA CARNOSA (Dickson) Korber — 22. A; ground.
• MELANELIA DISJUNCTA (Erichsen) Essl. — 5, 6, 15, 24. A, B, C; rock.
• M. EXASPERATULA (Nyl.) Essl. — 6. A, B, Mn, C; Picea bark.
• M. INFUMATA (Nyl.) Essl. — 5, 6, 7, 15, 17, 24. A, B, MnM. OLIVACEOIDES (Krog) Essl. — 1. B, with a boreal-austral distribution; Populus balsamifera bark. Northeastern most record.
• M. PANNIFORMIS (Nyl.) Essl. — 6, 7, 17. A, B, C; rock.
• M. SEPTENTRIONALIS (Lynge) Essl. — 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 13, 18, 20, 23, 24. B, C.
• M. SOREDIATA (Ach.) Goward & Ahti — 14, 15, 16. A, B, C; rock.
• M. STYGIA (L.) Essl. — 2, 4 to 7, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18 to 21, 23, 24. A, B, Mn, C.
• M. TOMINII (Oxner) Essl. — 2, 4, 7, 22 to 25. A, B, Mn, C; rock.
• NEPHROMA ARCTICUM (L.) Torss. — 18, 20. A, B, C; ground.
• N. EXPALLIDUM (Nyl.) Nyl. — 2, 4, 7, 22 to 25. A, C; ground.
• N. PARILE (Ach.) Ach. — 1. B, T, C; ground.
• PARMELIA FRAUDANS (Nyl.) Nyl. — 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, 19, 20. A, B, C.
• P. OMPHALODES (L.) Ach. — 3, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 15 to 20, 24. A, B, C.
• P. SAXATILIS (L.) Ach. — 2, 3, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, 17, 24. A, B, C.
• P. SULCATA Taylor — 1 to 7, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 24. A, B, T, C.
• PARMELIOPSIS AMBIGUA (Wulfen in Jacq.) Nyl. — 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 12, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23. A, B, C.
• PELTIGERA APHTHOSA (L.) Willd. — 1 to 8, 11, 13, 17, 18, 20 to 24. A, B, T, C; ground.
• P. CANINA (L.) Willd. — 2, 8, 11, 15. A, B, T, C; ground.
• P. DIDACTYLA (With.) Laundon — 8, 11, 22, 23. A, B, T, C; ground.
• P. LEPIDOPHORA (Nyl. ex Vanio) Bitter — 5, 23. A, B, T, C; ground.
• P. LEUCOPHLEBIA (Nyl.) Gyelnik — 4, 5, 23, 24. A, B, T, C; ground.
• P. MALACEA (Ach.) Funck — 1, 3 to 7, 12, 13, 15 to 19, 21, 22, 23, 25. A, B, C; ground.
• P. MEMBRANACEA (Ach.) Nyl. — 1, 23. A, B, T, C; ground.
• P. POLYDACTYLA (Necker) Hoffm. — 4, 5, 7, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20, 23, 24, 25. A, B, T, C; ground.
• P. RUFESCENS (Weis) Humb. — 2, 5, 6, 8, 11, 21 to 24. A, B, T, C. New for Banks Is.
• P. SCABROSA Th. Fr. — 13, 18, 20. A, B, T, C; ground.
• P. VENOSA (L.) Hoffm. — 5, 6, 20. A, B, T, C.
• PHAEOPHYSCIA CONSTIPATA (Norrlin & Nyl.) Moberg — 15, 24. A; rock crevices.
• P. SCIASTRA (Ach.) Moberg — 2, 5, 8, 18, 23. A, B, T, C; rock.
• PHYSCIA ADSCENDENS (Fr.) H. Olivier — 7, 23, 24. A, B, T, C.
• P. AIPOLIA (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Furnr. — 1, 4, 8, 14, 20, 23. B, T, C.
• P. CAESIA (Hoffm.) Furnr. — 2, 5, 8, 14, 15, 23, 24. A, B, C.
• P. DUBIA (Hoffm.) Lettau — 11, 14, 15. A, B, T, C.
• P. PHAEA (Tuck.) Thomson — 4. Perhaps amphi-Atlantic (Thomson 1984); rock. Northern most record.
• PHYSCONIA MUSCIGENA (Ach.) Poelt — 2, 4, 6 to 9, 11, 13, 15, 23, 24. A, B, C.
• PSEUDEPHEBE MINUSCULA (Nyl. ex Arnold) Brodo & D. Hawksw. — 6, 14, 16, 17, 20, 21, 24. A, C; rock.
• P. PUBESCENS (L.) M. Choisy — 12, 20, 21, 22. A, C; rock.
• PSOROMA HYPNORUM (Vahl) Gray — 6, 17, 22, 23, 24. A, B, C.
• SOLORINA BISPORA Nyl. — 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 17, 24. A, C; ground. New for Banks Is.
• S. CROCEA (L.) Ach. — 20, 21. A, C; ground.
• S. SACCATA (L.) Ach. — 5, 8, 11. A, B, C; ground. New for Banks Is.
• SPHAEROPHORUS FRAGILIS (L.) Pers. — 3, 4, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 24. A, C.
• S. GLOBOSUS (Huds.) Vainio — 4, 5, 7, 13, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25. A, C.
• STEREOCAULON ALPINUM Laurer ex Funck — 2, 4, 5, 6, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20 to 25. A, C.
• S. PASCHALE (L.) Hoffm. — 3, 4, 12, 15, 18. A, B, Mn, C.
• S. RIVULORUM Magnusson — 2, 23. A, C; bare soil.
• S. TOMENTOSUM Fr. — 23. B, Mn, C; ground.
• THAMNOLIA SUBULIFORMIS (Ehrh.) Culb. — 3 to 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 to 24. A, C.
• T. VERMICULARIS (Swartz) Ach. ex Schaerer — 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19 to 24. A, C.
• UMBILICARIA ARCTICA (Ach.) Nyl. — 5, 12, 14, 16, 21, 22, 23. A, C; rock.
• U. DEUSTA (L.) Baumg. — 12, 15. A, B, C; rock.
• U. HYPERBOREA (Ach.) Hoffm. — 2, 3, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 24. A, B, C; rock.
• U. LYNGEI Schol. — 3, 7, 15, 16, 24. A; rock.
• U. MUHLENBERGII (Ach.) Tuck. — 3, 4. Asian-eastern N.A. distribution; rock. Extends northern range.
• U. POLYPHYLLA (L.) Baumg. — 12. A, C; rock. Northern most record.
• U. PROBOSCIDEA (L.) Schrader — 2, 4, 5, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18 to 21, 24. A, C; rock.
• U. TORREFACTA (Lightf.) Schrader — 5, 14, 19, 21, 23, 24. A, C; rock.
• U. VELLEA (L.) Ach. — 7, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20. A, B, T, C; rock.
• USNEA LAPPONICA Vainio — 1, 2, 3, 6. B, C .
• VULPICIDA PINASTRI (Scop.) J. E. Mattsson & Lai — 1 to 4, 8, 9, 12, 13, 17, 18, 21, 23. B, T, C. New for Banks Is.
• V. TILESII Ach. — 4, 5, 9. A, C ; bare soil.
• XANTHOPARMELIA TARACTICA (Krempelh.) Hale — 4, 7. A, B, T, C; rock.
• XANTHORIA CANDELARIA (L.) Th. Fr. — 1, 7, 17, 18. A, B, T, C.
• X. ELEGANS (Link) Th. Fr. — 2, 4, 7 to 11, 14, 15, 18, 23. A, B, T, C.
• X. FALLAX (Hepp in Arnold) Arnold — 4, 7. A, B, T, C.
• X. SOREDIATA (Vainio) Poelt — 2, 6, 14, 19, 24. A, B, C; rock.

Aknowledgements

I thank Dr. Clifford Wetmore for his help on all aspects of this study, including verifications of specimens, two anonymous reviewers for their comments, and the students of Arctic Field Research for their assistance in the field.

Literature Cited

EGAN, R. S. 1987. A Fifth Checklist of the Lichen-Forming, Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi of the Continental United States and Canada. The Bryologist 90:77-173.

EGAN, R. S. 1989, 1990, 1991. Changes to the "Fifth Checklist of the Lichen-Forming, Lichenicolous and Allied Fungi of the Continental United States and Canada." Editions I-III. The Bryologist 92:68-000; 93:211-219; 94:396-400.

HALE, M. E. 1979. How to know the lichens. 2nd Ed. Dubuque, Iowa.

ROBINSON, A. L., D. H. VITT, AND K. P. TIMONEY 1989. Patterns of Community Structure and Morphology of Bryophytes and Lichens Relative to Edaphic Gradients in the Subarctic Forest-tundra of Northwestern Canada. The Bryologist. 92:495-512.

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THOMSON, J. W. 1990. Lichens in the Canadian Arctic Islands, pp 385-420. In C. R. Harington (ed.), Canada's Missing Dimension. Volume 1. Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa.

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